When speaking about graphene, we need to initially discuss the natural mineral graphite that is widely present in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are very closely connected, however the combination of carbon atoms between different layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will move apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to 3 other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms develop a routine hexagonal ring on the exact same plane, stretching to form a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite consists of concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is tough to peel a solitary layer framework.
More than two decades ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the College of Manchester in the UK, believed that there have to be a way to acquire a single layer of graphite.
How can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled off? Researchers took a really “simple and crude” technique – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we write a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers boldly connect that if tape can stick to the surface area of paper, can it likewise stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into two. Although the density of graphite at this time is still much from that of a solitary layer of graphite, researchers have validated the usefulness of this technique – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite becomes thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation technique” to repeat the procedure, they lastly obtained a thin sheet including only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this technique of repeatedly exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has low production effectiveness and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the improvement of clinical and technological degrees, the preparation approach of graphene has likewise made excellent development. Presently, along with this conventional physical and mechanical peeling technique, there are likewise many methods for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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